Chapter Notes: Module 2

PSYC 200 Chapter Two Notes

 

Chapter 2:  Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth

This chapter, like chapter 1, is primarily a good reference and review chapter.  I don't think you need to spend time memorizing minutia related to the topics covered in this chapter. Instead, regard it as a good resource and reference chapter. For some it will be review, for others it may be the first time to explore practical and relevant issues related to our biological beginnings.

As you read through it, I hope you’ll be reminded of the important issues and debates that rise out of these topics.  For example, some of the opening sections about genes, genotypes, genetic and chromosomal disorders,  and behavioral genetics, raises many issues for some about genetic testing—pro’s and con’s.  As you think about these issues, I encourage you to consider your own beliefs:  If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life?  If you, your spouse or someone you loved were pregnant, would you want the unborn child to be tested for genetic defects?  Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?  This whole area of genetic testing is worthy of further exploration and personal reflection.  You may want to dig deeper into this topic.

For me, this chapter raises the “nature vs. nurture” debate, again.  We will likely return to it often.  It is challenging indeed to discern whether heredity or environment is more influential in our development.   This quotation captures an important understanding about the interrelationship of these two factors: “The interaction of heredity and environment is so extensive that to ask which is more important, nature or nurture, is like asking which is more important to a rectangle, height or width.”  William Greenough

I don’t know that I need to add much supplemental commentary to the remainder of this chapter.  I think if you read it with a pen or a highlighter in your hand, you will enjoy the review or gain new insights about prenatal development (note the three periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal). I appreciate specific focus on impacts of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, pollutants, STD's, etc., on the unborn child (pages 46-51).  A variety of other factors are discussed beginning on page 52 (maternal age, teenage pregnancy, diabetes, high blood pressure, weight gain, and stress, to name a few influential variables). 

A brief discussion, on the important topic of infertility, is on page 57, followed by information on complications of pregnancy, childbirth, assessing the neonate, and potential problems of the newborn.

A side-note:  Though this course is not a sex education course, I would raise the question for your consideration:  In male-to-female intimate physical contact, can the female become pregnant without engaging in sexual intercourse (insertion of the penis into the vagina)?  The answer is “yes” and the culprit is the Cowper’s gland in the male, which secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid which may contain stray sperm.  If this pre-ejaculate secretion containing sperm contacts even the external moist surface of the female reproductive area, it is possible for the sperm to begin swimming their way toward the fallopian tube to unite with a female egg.  Beyond this rare occurrence, it certainly helps us understand that if a heterosexual couple believes they can engage in sexual intercourse and avoid pregnancy by the male withdrawing from the female before he ejaculates, they may be surprised to find themselves shopping at Babies R Us or making other serious decisions.  Please be aware of the Cowper’s gland’s role in unplanned pregnancies. Okay, enough sex education… for now. 

 Regarding the birthmother, I might add that post-partum blues are common (70%), while post-partum depression is much less common (10%) though it is more serious and lasting.  This chapter doesn’t deal with the new father’s adjustment to the newborn.   I recently read a short article by Jerrold Shapiro called “Seven Fears Expectant Father’s Face.”  I encourage you to read the short article and we’ll use his thoughts as a springboard for our Discussion Forum this week. 

Seven fears expectant fathers face

by Jerrold Lee Shapiro, special to BabyCenter
Reviewed by the BabyCenter Medical Advisory Board

From the moment you learn of your partner's pregnancy, you're thrust into a strange new world and encouraged to participate in the pregnancy and birth process. Yet, you may feel awkward about sharing your fears and insecurities. That's only natural. Here are seven common fears faced by fathers-to-be:

Security fears

The biggest fear men face is the one most deeply hardwired into our culture: Will I be able to protect and provide for my family? In many families when the first child arrives, there's this sudden if temporary shift from two incomes for two people to one income for three. And that's a tough burden to carry in today's world. The father has to be strong in ways he hadn't counted on before. He has to provide support not just financially but also emotionally: His partner will need his help, she'll be undergoing dramatic emotional shifts, and he has to be ready for her to lean on him.

Performance fears

More than 80 percent of the fathers I come across in my practice say they were worried they wouldn't be able to perform when their partner was in labor. They were afraid of passing out, throwing up, or getting queasy in the presence of all those bodily fluids. Such fears may be based on cartoons and sitcoms and our culture's way of making fun of men, but two things became clear: The men all expected it and it almost never happens. In follow-up interviews, it turned out only one out of 600 men fainted, and that was in August in Fresno (California), and the air conditioning had gone out and two of the nurses had to leave the room, too.

If you really can't tolerate blood, step out of the delivery room. Don't ignore your fears, work through them, talk to other fathers who've been there. Typically, the first thing fathers say when they come out of the delivery room is "The baby and my wife are fine; it's a girl." And the second thing they say is "I didn't get queasy ? I came through it okay."

Paternity fears

About half the new and expectant dads I interviewed eventually came around to admitting they had fleeting thoughts that they weren't really the baby's father. But if you ask them whether they suspect that their partner had an affair, they're insulted and hurt. On a logical level, it's a disconnect, but on an emotional level something else is going on. He's dwelling on his own inadequacies: "It's too monumental, too godlike, being part of the creation of life. Someone bigger than me must have done it."

One of the fathers I encountered was this interesting guy with bright red hair, freckles, and a crooked smile. His baby had bright red hair, freckles, and a crooked smile. And he said with a straight face, "I wonder if my wife was unfaithful." But he went on: "It just seemed, I don't know, this was too good, too miraculous to happen to me."

Mortality fears

When you're a part of the beginning of a life, you can't avoid thinking about the end of life. Thoughts about your own mortality can loom large: You're not the youngest generation anymore, your replacement has arrived, and if everything works out right, you'll die before your child dies. For a lot of young men who go around thinking they're immortal or invincible, that's a big change. One of my clients was a world-class racecar driver, and he gave it up. He told me, "I don't have the right to die anymore."

Fear for your partner's or child's health

Childbirth is such a nerve-racking experience. Scary things can happen to the person you love most in the whole world. You might lose the baby; you might lose your partner and have to bring the baby up alone. It really wasn't long ago that giving birth was fraught with danger: When my grandparents had children in the early 1920s, the main cause of death in women under 50 was childbirth. Today, if the birth goes well and the baby's fine, you'll still find most parents secretly counting the newborn's fingers and toes.

Relationship fears

Men often fear that their partner will love the baby more than anyone on earth and exclude them from that intimate relationship. It's a very real fear of being replaced. 

It's true that having a baby can put a real strain on your relationship with your partner. It's also true that dads can feel left out of the powerful mom-baby bond, especially in the newborn weeks. But each parent brings different strengths to the partnership. The child usually relies on the mother for security, comfort, and warmth. The child looks to the father for his sense of freedom and separation and sense of the world. Of course, those qualities can come from either parent, but when all these strengths work hand in hand, it's fabulous.

My advice to dads is to make it clear that this is his child, too, and he's a partner in raising him. He needs to spend time alone with his baby and kick Mom out of the house some days. 

Fears of "women's medicine"

Men are not used to the ob-gyn establishment. It's foreign, it's cold, it's something we don't understand well. Even as observers, many men feel embarrassed and inhibited around stirrups and gynecological exams. Hospital examining rooms and delivery rooms are not made comfortable for a father. Being prepared, making decisions together about the kind of care you want for your partner and baby helps tremendously. Having a birth plan Links to an external site., with a set role for you, also helps to make clear what's ahead in the process.