PSYC 200 Chapter Notes

Chapter 9: Late Adulthood (pages 375-399)

Moving into the section on cognitive development in late adulthood, it’s easy to get bogged down as you read through the material related to issues of memory, attention and problem solving, neurocognitive disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease), and issues related to work and retirement. Though not directly covered in the textbook, I would note that there are some common predictors of depression in older adults. Specifically, the older adult most likely to commit suicide is: male, living alone, who has lost his spouse, and is experiencing failing health.

The good news is that though there are often degrees of decline in some areas, the change is not nearly as pronounced as the stereotyped expectations of aging might suggest. I appreciate the discussion of “wisdom” on page 380. To summarize some of the key points of Baltes’ research: wisdom is rare; you don’t gain wisdom just because you get older (in fact, adolescence and early adulthood is a window for wisdom to emerge; and finally, wisdom is tied to life experiences, personality, and creativity more than to intelligence. On this same topic, if you conduct an internet search on “elder wisdom circle” you will read about an online advice-dispensing group of older adults who describe themselves as cyber-grandparents!

Psychosocial development

The all-too-prevalent and painful societal attitude of “ageism” is introduced on page 386. Ageism is any form of prejudice against other people because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults. The assignment for this week invites you to actively research ageist attitudes and stereotypes you discover in greeting cards. Perhaps we find ourselves laughing at images and statements related to aging that perpetuate ageism, bigotry and discrimination. Gerontophobia is the fear or dread of the elderly—engendered by negative stereotypes and inaccurate media images. Some of the negative portrayals of aging are captured in the language we use, such as “geezer, old fogey, old maid, dirty old man, and old goat.” Some common negative myths and stereotypes about aging relate to illness (the myth that most elderly are sick or disabled), ugliness (beauty is associate with youth), impotency (elderly no longer have any sexual desire or no longer engage in sexual activity), accelerated mental decline, mental illness, uselessness, social isolation and pervasive depression.

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development suggests that a defining characteristic of the eighth and final stage of life is a serious reflection of one’s life—arriving at a positive review or deciding that one’s life was not well spent. I have read in other settings about the concepts of life review and reminiscence therapy. A life review is often precipitated by the realization of approaching death and is designed to facilitate experiencing a sense of the entire life cycle. Though there may be negative consequences of a life review, such as guilt, depression, obsessive rumination, or panic, there are also many potential positive outcomes: candor, serenity, release of guilt, resolution of conflicts, and reconciliation of family relationships. Research studies show that, often, once you make meaningful sense of life, you can face death with ease. Sometimes life reviews are conducted in group settings, focused on recalling happy memories of “firsts” in life: first date, first day at school, first job, first pet, first toy, first memory, etc. In summary, life reviews offer the opportunity to achieve what Erickson describes as: acceptance of the past life; a harmonious view of the past, present and future; and reducing a fear of death.

The section on social networks and key relationships with adult children, other friendships, marriage, divorce, widowhood, remarriage and cohabitation begins on page 391. Some have noted the interesting dynamic of gender role shifts in later life. The evidence suggests that men, particularly, become more “feminine”—nurturing, sensitive, etc., as they get older. You may have observed this phenomenon observing a father’s increase in emotional expression as he ages or perhaps the emotional quality of his interaction with grandchildren. It is an intriguing observation, worthy of further research. I appreciate attention in this chapter also given to gay and lesbian elders.

The important topic of Elder Abuse begins on page 396. Elder abuse refers to any intentional or negligent act that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult. Abuse takes many forms: physical, emotional, sexual, exploitative (concealing funds, taking assets, etc.), neglect or abandonment. Neglect is the most common type of abuse. Abusers of older adults are both women and men. Family members are more often the abusers than any other group. If you suspect abuse or neglect—report it! Contact a local Adult Protective Services agency or law enforcement officials. We can all be community sentinels, watching out for loved ones, friends or neighbors who may be vulnerable. Speak up if you have concerns and be involved. Volunteer with older adults in your community. It’s a win-win dynamic for everyone involved.

Alcohol and drug problems, particularly prescription drug abuse have become a serious health concern among older adults. Specific issues related to this subject begin on page 397. Note the observation that cannabis can provide benefit to the older adult with medical conditions.

The chapter ends with a brief summary of successful aging. The concept of Activity Theory reinforces the logical assumption that when older adults remain active, engaged, energetic and productive, they age more successfully and are more satisfied with life. Staying busy is good work with healthy benefits! The theory of “selective optimization with compensation” is introduced on page 399. I would add to this discussion on successful aging two key components that appear in psychological and gerontological studies: 1. Positive mental attitude, and 2. Challenge yourself. Each of these two approaches seems to make a strong difference for good as people age well.

As YOU continue to age, be sure to realize the decisions you presently make impact the future you will have. Set your intentions and behaviors to not just get old, but to age well!